poisson's ratio – What Is Piping

What is Poisson's Ratio? Poisson's ratio of a material is a very important parameter in material science and engineering mechanics. When a force is applied to a bar it deforms (elongates or compresses) in the axial (longitudinal) direction. At the same time, a deformation is observed in the transverse (width) direction as well. Poisson's ratio relates these changes in the transverse direction and axial direction. This effect is known as Poisson's effect which is named after the French mathematician and physicist Simeon Poisson. The Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the transverse strain to that of the axial strain under the influence of the same force. It is a material property and remains constant. Fig. 1: Definition of Poisson's Ratio Poisson's Ratio Formula Let's deduce the formula for Poisson's ratio. From the above definition, Poisson's ratio can be expressed mathematically as Poisson's Ratio=Transverse (Lateral) Strain/Axial (Longitudinal) Strain Let's understand this philosophy using the example in Fig. 2. In this image, A tensile force (F) is applied in a bar of diameter do and length lo. With the action of this force F, the bar elongates and final length in l. Also, the diameter reduces and the final diameter is d. Fig. 2: Poisson's ratio explanation So from the above, Axial Strain or Longitudinal Strain or Linear Strain= (Change in Length/Original Length)=(l-lo)/lo. Similarly, Lateral Strain or Transverse Strain=(Change in Diameter/Original base Diameter)=(d-do)/do. So, as per the definition, the equation of Poisson's Ratio or Poisson's ratio formula can be written as follows Poisson's Ratio=Lateral Strain/Longitudinal Strain={(d-do)/do}/((l-lo)/lo}= lo(d-do)/do(l-lo) Poisson's Ratio Example Similar to Young's modulus, Poisson's Ratio is the property of a material and is constant. However, the value of Poisson's ratio changes with temperature. Young's modulus, the shear modulus, and bulk modulus are related to Poisson's ratio. For these modules to have positive values, the Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material must be between −1.0 and +0.5. The value of Poisson's ratio normally ranges between 0.0 and 0.5. The following table provides a few typical values (range) of Poisson's ratio for common materials. MaterialPoisson's RatioCarbon Steel0.27–0.30Cast iron0.21–0.26Stainless steel0.30–0.31Aluminium-alloy0.32Copper0.33Inconel0.27-0.38Gold0.42–0.44Silver0.37Platinum0.39Glass0.18–0.3Foam0.10–0.50Sand0.20–0.455Molybdenum0.307Concrete0.1–0.2Clay0.30–0.45Tin0.33Titanium0.265–0.34Magnesium alloy0.252–0.289Rubber0.48-0.4999Brass0.331Bronze0.34Ice0.33Lead0.431Monel0.315Nickel0.31Polystyrene0.34Limestone0.2-0.3Nickel Steel0.291Tungsten0.28Table 1: Example of Poisson's Ratio Unit of Poisson's Ratio Poisson's ratio is the ration of two strains. Both longitudinal and lateral strain are dimension less. So Poisson's Ratio is dimensionless. There is no unit for Poisson's Ratio. Symbol of Poisson's Ratio Poisson's ratio is normally denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu). However, this is not standardized. So user's can use any symbol for Poisson's ratio at their discretion. FAQs related to Poisson's Ratio In this section we will try to answer a few of the frequently asked questions related to Poisson's Ratio to clarify the subject better. What is Poisson's Ratio? Poisson's ratio of a material is defined as the ratio of the lateral strain (change in the width per unit width of a material) to the axial strain (change in its length per unit length) due to the action of a Force. What does a Poisson ratio of 0.5 mean? Poisson's ratio of 0.5 signifies that due to the application of a force the deformation change in width direction is half the deformation change in axial direction. Normally, for perfectly incompressible isotropic materials the value of Poisson's ratio is 0.5. Rubber is a typical example. What is the Poisson's Ratio of Steel? The Poisson's ratio of steel is normally 0.27 to 0.30. When more authoritative data from tests are not available, normally 0.3 is used in design calculations as Poisson's ratio of Steel material. Can Poisson's ratio be greater than 1? For isotropic material, Poisson's ratio can not exceed 0.5. However, for anisotropic materials, the value of Poisson's ratio can be greater than 1 in certain directions. For example, polyurethane foam. Why Poisson's ratio is important? Poisson's ratio of a material is very important for studying stress and deflection properties of engineering materials like pipes, beams, vessels, etc. What if Poisson's Ratio is Zero? The Poisson's ratio of Zero means it does not deform in the lateral direction during elongation or compression in the axial direction by the application of a force. The material Cork is believed to have a near-zero (~0) Poisson's ratio. This is the reason Corks are ideally used as bottle stopper as it does not expand even when compressed. Which material has the highest Poisson's ratio? Ignoring specifically designed anisotropic materials, Rubber has the highest value of Poisson's ratio at 0.4999. What is the Poisson's Ratio of Aluminum? The Poisson's ratio of Aluminum normally varies in between 0.3 to 0.35. What is the Poisson's Ratio of Concrete? The Poisson's ratio of Concrete normally varies in between 0.1 to 0.25. For design calculation, in absence of data, normally 0.2 is used as Poisson's ratio of Concrete. Few more related articles for you.Introduction to Stress-Strain Curve (With PDF)Stress or Strain: Which comes first?Hooke’s Law: Statement, Equation, Graph, Applications, Limitations (With PDF)Young’s modulus: Young’s modulus of Steels [With PDF]