SS vs DSS – What Is Piping

Duplex stainless steels are a specific group of engineering stainless steel materials consisting of the austenitic and ferritic phase in roughly equal proportions in the microstructure. They are widely popular because of their good corrosion resistance along with high strength and ease of fabrication. Compared to traditional austenitic stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel grades; Duplex Stainless Steels provide a range of benefits like: Improved Strength: Roughly two-times stronger than normal stainless steel grades.High Toughness and DuctilityHigh Corrosion ResistanceCost-Effectiveness: High strength of DSS material required less pipe thickness reducing pipe weight. Also, lower levels of nickel reduce cost. Applications of Duplex Stainless Steel Excellent corrosion resistance with increased strength and affordable pricing makes duplex stainless steels (DSS) a popular choice for a variety of industries. Their wide uses are found in: Chemical and liquid processingOffshore (flowlines, risers) and other industrial operationsNaval parts and componentsPulp and paper productionPollution control equipmentWater Treatment/Desalination plantsConstruction, Infrastructure, ArchitectureHot water and brewing tanksFood and Drink StorageBoilers, Heat exchangers, pressure vesselsMarine TanksRenewable EnergyNuclear Industry Duplex Stainless Steel Grades Duplex stainless steels have a higher chromium content, 20–28%; higher molybdenum, up to 5%; lower nickel, up to 9% and 0.05–0.50% nitrogen as compared to austenitic stainless steels. For resitance against pitting corrosion, DSS material is an ideal selection. The resistance against pitting corrosion is characterised by the pitting resistance equivalence number, or PREN Number defined as follows: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 %Mo + 16 %N Depending on the PREN Number values, Duplex Stainless Steel are categorized into four grades. Lean duplex grades (PREN range: 22–27): No deliberate Molybdenum addition. mainly used in building and construction industry for bridges, pressure vessels or tie bars. Example: S32001, S32101, S32304, S32202.Standard duplex (PREN range: 28–38): The most widely used (More than 80%) duplex stainless steel material with mid-range properties. Example: S32003, S31803, S32205Super duplex (PREN range: 38-45): Higher contents of Cr, Ni, Mo, N and even W. Specifically designed for highly corrosive oil&gas and chemical industries. Example, S32750, S32760, S32950, S32808.Hyper duplex (PREN >45): These are highly alloyed duplex stainless steels. Example S32707, S33207 Naming Convention for Duplex Stainless Steels Various naming conventions are followed for duplex stainless steels such as: Composition based Names: For DSS 2205 or 2305; 22 or 23 denotes %Cr and 5 denotes %Ni in that specific DSS material.UNS Designation: Unified Numbering System or UNS designation of DSS materials are the most popular and listed on ASTM specifications.AISI Designation: Only one DSS material type 329 has AISI designation. Duplex Stainless Steel properties As informed earlier the duplex name has arrived from the co-existence of both austenitic (FCC Structure) and ferritic (BCC Structure) in approximately equal proportions (Fig. 1). The major alloying elements are Chromium, Silicon, Molybdenum, Carbon, Nickel, Nitrogen, Manganese, Copper, Tungsten. Fig. 1: Duplex Stainless Steel Microstructure Typical duplex stainless steel exhibits a higher strength value as compared to stainless steel. But, the working temperature range of DSS is normally narrow as at around 300oC undesirable intermetallic phases (α’ -alpha prime phase) start to precipitate which decreases the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by embrittlement phenomenon. The following table provides some selected properties of common duplex stainless steel grades. DSS GradesASTM A789 Grade S32520 Heat-TreatedASTM A790 Grade S31803 Heat-TreatedASTM A790 Grade S32304 Heat-TreatedASTM A815 Grade S32550 Heat-TreatedASTM A815 Grade S32205 Heat-TreatedElastic Modulus200 GPa 200 GPa 200 GPa 200 GPa 200 GPa Elongation25 % 25 % 25 % 15 % 20 % Tensile Strength770 MPa 620 MPa 600 MPa 800 MPa 655 MPa Brinell hardness310290290302290Yield Strength550 MPa 450 MPa 400 MPa 550 MPa 450 MPa Thermal expansion co-efficient1E-5 1/K 1E-5 1/K 1E-5 1/K 1E-5 1/K 1E-5 1/K Specific Heat capacity440 - 502 J/(kg·K) 440 - 502 J/(kg·K) 440 - 502 J/(kg·K) 440 - 502 J/(kg·K) 440 - 502 J/(kg·K) Thermal Conductivity13 - 30 W/(m·K) 13 - 30 W/(m·K) 13 - 30 W/(m·K) 13 - 30 W/(m·K) 13 - 30 W/(m·K) Table: Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel The stress-strain curve of austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels are plotted in the following curve for reference: Fig. 2: Stress Strain curve comparison for SS and DSS Composition of Duplex Stainless Steel The following table in Fig. 3 provides the chemical compositions in %wt for common DSS materials. Fig. 3: Typical Chemical Composition of Duplex Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steel Due to the presence of a relatively high % of chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen, Duplex Stainless Steels exhibit a high level of corrosion resistance capability in a variety of environments. DSS materials are specifically selected for oxidizing, acidic, and hot alkaline environments. To fight against pitting corrosion, DSS is the ideal material choice. The PREN Number defined above describes the resistance of DSS against localized pitting corrosion. An increase in PREN Number increases the resistance against pitting corrosion that is quantified using Critical Pitting Temperature. Materials with higher CPT are more resistant to pitting corrosion.Duplex stainless steels possess better Stress Corrosion Cracking resistance than austenitic stainless steels. Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steel Duplex Stainless steel is supplied in a pipe, plate, sheet, tube, fittings, or bar form. Depending on the requirement they must be fabricated. Special tools are required for the fabrication of duplex stainless steel materials. They have very good weldability and hot forming capability. However, DSS materials are normally difficult for machining purposes.