Long pipelines are often subjected to lateral and upheaval buckling. Both upheaval and lateral buckling can induce excessive bending stresses in the pipeline that may lead to pipeline failure. In...

An actuator is a machine component that is used for moving and controlling a system or mechanism. To perform its operation, An actuator needs a control signal and a power source. Actuators are...

Ultrasonic testing, often abbreviated to either UT or Ultrasonic NDT, is an umbrella term for a number of non-destructive techniques used to detect the characteristics of a material. This type of...

A response spectrum is a graphical plot of the frequency of an oscillator and its damping. The response spectrum plot represents the peak or steady-state response (velocity, displacement, or...

Pipe fabrication can be defined as the process of cutting, bevelling, and welding piping components such as pipes, tees, elbows, flanges, reducers, etc., as dictated by the design documents....