Yeremias Kopong Lusi – What Is Piping

A Separator is a pressurized vessel used in the exploration and production (E&P) of an oil and/or gas field to split a multi-phase well stream into a gas stream and one or more liquid streams. An example of the pressurized vertical and horizontal separator used in separation & processing include: ScrubberSlug CatcherFree water knock-out Mechanical Design of separator is done following ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Division 1 or Division 2 (Class 1 or Class 2). The selection of Division 1 or Division 2 shall be based on both design and economic considerations. The use of the Code shall be limited to the following pressure such as: ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div. 1 for 200 barg ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div. 2 for 689.5 barg If any of the following conditions apply, the vessels should be constructed in accordance with Division 2, unless otherwise specified by the Company. Pressure vessels operating in cyclic service, pressure or temperature inducedPressure vessels which operate in the creep range of the materials of constructionPressure vessels where weight savings are a critical factor such as offshore or marine applications. If either of the following conditions applies, the vessels shall be constructed in accordance with Division 2, unless otherwise approved by the Company. Pressure vessels with a nominal wall thickness greater than 38 mm (1½ in)Pressure vessels with a design pressure of 10 MPa (1500 psi) or higher. This article is aim to present an overview of simple explanation of 3-phase separator. Factors for Separator Designs Designing an “optimum” set of separators require a balance between the desired size (volume caused by phases of liquid and gas), operating pressure, separation efficiency, space limitations (vertical/horizontal), the material of construction, fabrication method and installation cost. Let's briefly look at the common design factors of a separator below. 1). Size In general, the sizing of the separator will be carried out by the Process Engineer based on the target volume to be achieved, flow rate, density, operating temperature and pressure, and the need to precipitate droplets from gas, oil and water. Size parameters also include process considerations such as fluid velocity, fluid hold, and storage capacity. The output size consists of diameter and length/height (seam-seam) depending on the gas capacity or liquid capacity calculation. The final option of the optimal size is the most economical. 2). Pressure The operating pressure is usually fixed by process conditions. Therefore, in some kinds of literature, separators could be categorized according to their operating pressure. Low-pressure units: 10 to 180 psi (0.7 to 12.41 barg)Medium-pressure units: 230 to 700 psi (15.85 to 48.26 barg)High-pressure units: 975 to 1500 psi (67.22 to 103.42 barg) This grouping directly affects the selection of the L/D ratio in the early stage of the design separator. L/D ratio of separator could be selected based on operating pressure and vice versa. Table 1. Pressure vs Separator L/D Ratio The optimum L/D ratio may refer to the above breakdown and will vary following these parameters: Allowable stress: affected by temperature, inside diameter, TL/TL, and material selection. It will affect the primary and secondary stresses of the entire life of the separatorCorrosion Allowance: affected the shell, head, nozzles, and pressure-part thicknesses calculation output. It will affect the MAWP and MDMT final resultsJoint Efficiency: affected the thickness calculation, welding quality, NDE, and fabrication requirement. In mechanical design & analysis, it is recommended to have a suitable margin between operating and design pressure. Determination of design pressure can follow the guideline below: Table 2. Guidelines for determination Design Pressure 3). Temperature Operating temperature is determined based on service fluid, ambient site temperature and considering the maximum and minimum factors, normal and the worst case caused by start-up, shutdown, operational upset, auto-refrigeration and other sources of cooling. In mechanical design & analysis, design temperature is used to select the proper material of construction (MOC), flanges pressure-temperature rating Table 3. Summary of ASME B16.5 rating for material group 1.1 and for specific case affects the impact test requirements (e.g per UG-20(f) and UCS-66 from ASME VIII Div.1). Determination of design temperature can follow the guideline below: Table 4. Guidelines for determination Design Temperature 4). Orientation: vertical vs horizontal a). Vertical Separator: Used for small liquid holdup or in other words; it is mainly applied when there is a large amount of vapor detected from a small amount of the light and heavy fluid (less than 10-20% by weight).Used for easier cleanout because of its smaller bottom areaMore easily used to handle liquid surge because of the depth of the spaceA smaller area is required especially for offshore platform cases.A higher climbing ladder and platform for access are required. b). Horizontal Separator Used for large surge volume because of its most efficient large amounts of dissolved gas are present with the liquidThe horizontal separator has a greater capacityCan add an additional boot to achieve liquid/liquid or vapor/liquid separation efficiencyA less static head affects the supports geometryA bigger area is required but with less climbing ladder & platform. 4). Separation Process The separation process can be described as either 2-phase or 3-phase vessel. 2-phase separator: It most often used when the fluids contain little water. It will separate gas from oil in oil fields, or gas from water for gas fields. Click here to know more about 2-phase separator design basics.3-phase separators: separate the gas from the liquid phase, and water from oil. Since free water does not settle out in the time it takes for the oil and gas to separate, a three-phase separator requires a longer retention time than a two-phase separator. 5). Retention Time Retention times are mostly as an input parameter in determined the oil and water capacity to stay inside the separator. For a given retention time of oil and water, the procedure for establishing the diameter and length of separator become easier. Table 5. Residence Time as per API 12J Configuration of 3-Phase Separator (Horizontal) 3-Phase separator in horizontal orientation consists of a shell, dished ends and mostly two saddles. In mechanical design perspective, horizontal separators offer less wall thickness in either shell, head and support compared to the vertical separator in the same shape and size. The vertical separator will tend to be influenced by wind and seismic load resulting in greater bending stress, and deflection. In process design perspective, the 3-Phase separator is typically similar to the 2-phase separator, but with additional internals to handle two immiscible liquids (oil and water) rather than one liquid. In a 3-phase separator, the vessel itself should be designed to separate the gas that flashes from the liquid, as well as separate the oil and water. Therefore, in the 3-phase separator, we will find additional control devices for controlling the liquid level (LLC) and pressure (PCV). Fig. 1: Liquid level settling rates in 3-phase Separator The Simplicity of Separation steps:Feed inlet--> hit the Inlet device --> Gravity settling and separation of bulk liquid with big droplet --> Gas exists through Mist Extractor/Mist Eliminator/Demister. The most common configuration of 3-phase separator used in the separation process as shown in the following sample from Kimray Inc. : 1). Horizontal 3-Phase Separator with a Weir Plate Fig. 2: Horizontal 3-Phase Separator with an Weir Plate 2). Horizontal 3-Phase Separator with an Oil Bucket & Weir Plate Fig. 3: Horizontal 3-Phase Separator with an Oil Bucket & Weir Plate Internals of a 3-Phase Separator Other information that shall be remembered while designing the separator includes separation efficiency, capacity, and pressure drop. The separation efficiency depends on the droplet size target (e.g 500-micron water and 200-micron oil) distribution in each phase of separation, hence to achieve more efficient separation, internals must be installed inside the separators. In general, the 3-phase horizontal separator settler consists of three-zone compartments that automatically determined the internals type selection and installation. (Figure 4). Inlet compartmentSettling compartment (Liquid-Liquid settling zone)Outlet compartment (Gas Liquid separation zone) Fig. 4: Flow direction and internals installation This device is designed according to the process requirement, and attach inside the separator by either welding or bolting connections and usually will be finalized by internal Vendor (e.g from Sulzer) approved by their Principal. Internals components included: a). Inlet Devices Half-open PipePlate diverterVane distributorSchoepentoeterb). Sand jetting system and drainsc). Weir Plate (fix/adjustable type)d). Mist Extractor / Mist Eliminator / Demistere). Cathodic Protection (mostly Anode type to protect from H2S and CO2)f). Vortex breaker As explained in an early paragraph, it can be concluded that 3-phase horizontal separator main parts including Head, Shell, Inlet Pipe, Inlet Device, Gas gravity separation section, Mist Extractor/Mist Eliminator/Demister, Liquid gravity separation section, Manway (for inspection and maintenance), nozzles and Saddle Supports. Fig. 5 below shows a typical general arrangement drawing of a 3-phase horizontal separator. Fig. 5: GA Drawing of a Typical 3-phase Horizontal Separator Fig. 6 below shows a typical 3-phase horizontal separator from Kaji Site - South Sumatera, Indonesia. Fig. 6 A typical 3-phase Horizontal Separator Conclusions The L/D ratio is one of the factors that influence the optimal design of a separator, without neglecting other considerations, taking into account the following points: Process design reasonEconomical reasonOperational reasonMechanical design reason In most EPC companies, determination of the type and size of separator must be made on an individual basis, based on justification and experience in daily-routine work according to relevant guidance and specification such as GPSA, Clients Specifications, Separators Handbook, International codes/standard etc.