Khaja Najmuddin – What Is Piping: All about Piping Engineering

Process Flow Diagram or PFD and P&ID or Piping/Process & Instrumentation Diagram are chemical / process engineering drawings and are very important for Process, Piping, Mechanical and Instrument Engineers and Designers of any Process Plant or Power Plants. These drawings are very useful as they convey the right amount of process information as needed during various stages of bidding, engineering design, procurement, construction, operating & commissioning phases of the process. What is a Process Flow Diagram or PFD? A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) shows the relationships between the major components in the system. Generally, a PFD (Fig. 1) shows only the major equipment and doesn't show details. A PFD does not show minor components, piping systems, piping ratings, and designations. This diagram shows the flow of chemical fluids and the equipment involved in the process with the properties of flowing chemical fluids (like temperature, pressure, fluid density, flow rate, etc). Process engineers are responsible for designing PFD based on the chemical process and thermodynamic properties of the fluid in question. Typically, process flow diagrams of a single unit process will include process piping, major equipment items, control valves, and other major valves, connections with other systems, major bypass and recirculation streams, operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.) Fig. 1: Sample PFD Process flow diagrams generally do not include minor components like process control instrumentation, piping systems like control loops, by-pass lines, drain lines, pipe properties like size, spec, ratings, pipe classes, pipeline numbers, components such as isolation and shut-off valves, maintenance vents and drains, relief, and safety valves, vents and drain. What is the Piping/Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)? A Piping and Instrument Drawing (P&ID- Also known as PEFS, Process Engineering Flow Scheme in some engineering organizations) includes more details than a PFD. It includes both major and minor details of the chemical process. P&ID (Fig. 2) shows all major equipment, piping details like service, size, spec, rating, insulation, etc, instrumentation details like pressure, temperature and flow instruments, control valves, pressure safety valves, meters, routing information such as slope, tapping, free flow. Instrumentation and their details are showing using standard symbols which vary from company to company. All kinds of valves used like On-off valves, motorized valves, relief valves, and miscellaneous items like strainers, vents, drains, silencers, standpipes, etc. are shown in the P&ID. Fig. 2: Sample P&ID Vendor items and packages are shown with their limits and interfaces. A lot of information such as equipment design pressure, temperature, and material of construction, free-draining requirements is provided as notes in the P&ID. Line numbers, Tag numbers, Equipment Numbers shown in the P&ID are usually retained in the further documents and drawings created. P&ID includes: Mechanical equipment with names and numbersPipeline number, size, material, insulationEvery instrument and it's pneumatic/ electric signalDetailed control loopsUtility lines, drain and vent lines, sampling lines, etc.Parallel and spare equipment’s and connected pipingIsolation and shut off valves.Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers. A P&ID does not include: Equipment rating or capacityInstrument root valvesManual switches and indicating lightsPrimary instrument tubing and valvesElbows and similar standard fittingsExtensive explanatory notes In both, PFD and P&ID arrows indicate the flow of materials. Normally P&IDs are a more detailed scheme of simple PFDs. About The Author: This article is written by Mr. Khaja Najmuddin, a Piping Stress Engineer with extensive experience in the Oil and Gas sector. For more details about the author click here to refer his LinkedIn profile.