Said Hallouche – What Is Piping

A Gate valve is a linear-motion manual valve that has a vertical rectangular or circular disc that slides across an opening to stop the flow that acts as "gate". Generally used for isolation purposes fully open or close, Gate valves are not suitable for throttling service because the high-velocity flow will cause a partially open disk to vibrate and chatter and will hasten the erosion of the disc and seating surfaces. Functions of Gate Valve The open/close flow is achieved by moving the gate of the gate valve into or out the fluid-flow stream. The flow of the fluid through the valve can be in either direction. Gate Valve is commonly used in refineries and petrochemical plants where pressure is low, and less used in upstream facilities due to high operating pressure, long on/off times (requiring many turns of the handwheel to open it or to close it), and severe environmental conditions. A full port gate valve provides a full line size (equal to pipe dimensions) thus results in a minimum-flow pressure drop, On the other hand, A Reduced port gate valve smaller than the line size (Flow area less than the pipe) causes a slightly high-pressure drop than a full port. Gate Valve Parts Refer the below attached figure (Fig. 1) which shows main components of a gate valve. Fig. 1: Full-Port Gate Valve The items in Fig. 1 as per the corresponding numbers are given below: BodyBonnetWedgeStemGlandSeat ringYokePackingGland FlangeValve portYoke BushLanternBack Seat BushingGland eyebolts & nutsBonnet bolts & nutsHand WheelHand Wheel nutBonnet Gasket There are three main parts in a Gate valve: body, bonnet, and trim. The valve body is connected to piping or equipment by means of flanged, welded, or screwed connections.The bonnet contains the moving parts which are connected to the body with bolts.The valve internal parts (removable and replaceable) that come in direct contact with the fluid are termed as Valve trim which consists of the stem, the gate, the disc or wedge, and the seat rings. Types of Gate Valves/ Gate Valve Types Gate valves are divided into a number of classes, depending on its disc and type of stems. Gate Valves are classified by: I. Gate Valve types as per Type of Closing Element: 1. Parallel disk Gate Valve: Parallel disk gate valves consist of two discs that are forced apart against parallel seats by a spring at the point of the closure. The most famous type is the knife gate valve that has a flat gate between two parallel seats (an upstream and a downstream seat) to achieve the required shut-off. The application of a parallel gate valve is limited to low pressures and low-pressure drops. Fig. 2: Parallel Disk Gate Valve 2. Solid-Wedge Gate Valve: The solid, or single wedge gate valve is the most widely used and the lowest cost used-type in the process industry for oil, gas and air services. The purpose of the wedge shape is to introduce a high supplementary seating load. Solid-Wedge Gate Valve can be installed in any position, suitable for almost all fluids and practical for turbulent flow services. In some situations, the valve cannot be reopened until the system temperature reheats the valve; this phenomenon is known as "Thermal blinding". Wedge gate valves can be further described as inside screw or outside screw patterns. Solid wedge gate valves in waterworks industry are popular as Sluice valves. Fig. 3: Solid Wedge Gate Valve 3. Flexible Wedge Gate Valve Flexible wedge gate valve employs a flexible wedge that is a one-piece disk with a cut around the perimeter (the cut varies in size, shape, and depth). Thermal expansion and contraction entail no problems in such kind of gate valves as the disk is able to compensate for this and remain easy to open. Flexible wedge gate valves are widely used in steam systems to prevent thermal blinding Fig. 4: Flexible Wedge Gate Valve 4. Split Wedge Gate Valve Split wedges of this type of gate valves are made in two separate halves. This allows the wedge angle between their outer faces to fit the seat ( self -adjusting and self-aligning to both seating surfaces). Fig. 5: Split Wedge Gate Valve 5. Double-disc Valves In these type of gate valves, the gate is in the form of two discs which are forced apart against parallel seats by a spring. this provides tight sealing without relying on fluid pressure, making this type of valve particularly suitable for steam duties as well as handling gases and light oils. 6. Bellows Seal Gate Valves Bellows seal gate valves are designed to minimise exposure to harmful substances through valve-stem leakage. The bellows is a metallic device capable of sealing between the valve stem and the bonnet to prevent escape of the system fluid to the atmosphere. The bellows take the form of convolutions that can move linearly. During operation the bellows eliminate the leak path to the atmosphere. II. Gate Valve types as per Type of Stem: 1. Rising Stem Gate Valve with Outside Screw This type of gate valve is also known as OS & Y type (Outside steam and York). The stem rises while opening and lower while closing the valve offering an indication of the gate valve position. The stem threads never contact the flow medium (not subject to corrosion/erosion). Fig. 6: Rising Stem gate valve 2. Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve Also known as Insider screw Valve, The stem of the non-rising stem gate valve is threaded into the gate. The hand wheel and stem move together and there is no rising and lowering of the stem. The stem is in contact with the flow medium. Fig. 7: Non-Rising Stem gate valve Working of Gate Valves The working of a gate valve is quite simple. When the gate of the valve is lifted from the flow path, the valve opens and when the gate again returns to its position, the gate valve closes. This gate movement is achieved by manually turning the hand-wheel. The hand-wheel rotates the valve stem and the internal threaded mechanism provides a vertical movement of the gate. As the hand-wheel is turned more than one full cycle to fully open or fully close the gate valve, they are also known as multi-turn valves. Electrically actuated gate valves are available but not cost-effective. Actuation of Gate Valves Manual actuation of gate valves is invariably by screw and handwheel. The screw mechanism may be exposed or protected and the screw rising or non-rising. A variety of materials for the working parts is offered by some manufacturers. Power actuators are very often fitted when the gate valves are difficult to access and are operated frequently. automation and semi-automation control schemes make extensive use of actuators. Advantages of Gate valve Gate valves are adequate for high pressure and temperature applications. The main advantages of gate valve are: Provide very good shutoff characteristics.Low Pressure-Drop; very low frictional loss.the maintenance requirement is less.can be used as Bi-directional valvelow costavailable in various sizes. Disadvantages of Gate valve Cannot be used for throttling service.Slow disc movement in operation, it takes time to fully open or fully close.Lapping and grinding repairs are difficult to accomplish.May create noise and vibration when partially open.Prone to Seat and Disk wear. Gate Valve Materials Various types of materials are used for gate valve construction. Typical common materials used are cast carbon steel, cast iron, ductile iron, gunmetal, bronze, alloy steels, stainless steel, and forged steels. Brass and PVC gate valves are used for plumbing services. The material selection for gate valves primarily depends on fluid service and its design temperature. The following table provides a typical example of common materials used in Gate valve construction. Fig. 8: Gate valve materials Applicable codes and standards for gate valve design The following codes and standards govern the design specification of gate valves: Valve Design: API 600/ API 602/ BS5352/ API 603/ API6D/ IS780 /BS 1414 / BS 14846Valve Pressure Testing: API 598Valve Pressure Temperature Rating: API B16.34Face to Face Dimensions: ANSI B16.10Flange Drilling: ANSI B16.5 / ASME B 16.47/ BS 10 Table / DIN /IS /JIS StandardsButt/ Socket Welded End: ANSI B16.25 and B16.11Screwed End: ANSI B 1.20.1 (BSP/NPT) Gate Valve Symbols The gate valve symbols used in different organization varies a little bit. Normally any one of the following three types of gate valve symbols given in Fig. 9 is used as a gate valve symbol. Fig. 9: Gate Valve Symbols Gate valve vs Ball Valve Both the gate valve and Ball valve are widely used for isolation services in the oil and gas industries. However, there are a few differences between the gate valve and the ball valve. Few of such differences are listed below in a tabular format for reference: ParameterGate ValveBall valveWorking PrincipleGate valves control the valve using its gate. When lifted up, allows full flow and when down, no flow.Ball valves feature a stem and a ball with an opening inside. When the opening in lined up with the pipe by turning the control lever fluid can pass, otherwise valve is off.CostGate valves are Relatively cheaperCostlierTurning of lever or hand-wheelMulti-TurnQuarter-turnWeightWeight of Gate valve is normally less than ball valves for same size and rating.Ball Valve weights are comparatively more than gate valves.Shut off capabilities Comparatively better than gate valves; more reliable.Surge ProbabilityAs operation is slow, less probability of water hammer.More prone to water hammer or surge creation.Vibration probabilityPartially open gate valves cause vibration or noiseLessOperating Space requirementLessMoreVisual Clue for on/off positionNo clue from outside, its simply guessing.Easy to understand if the valve is in open or closed position.Gate Valve vs Ball Valve in a Tabular Format Fig. 10: Typical gate valves Few more related articles for you.Selection of Valves: A Few GuidelinesDetails about Control ValvesBall Valve Design Features: A Detailed LiteratureA brief article on Valve Inspection & TestingControl Valve Sizing Procedure: Valve Flow Terminologies, Control Valve Characteristics, Cavitation and Flashing