Maintenance – Page 5 – What Is Piping

Cathodic Protection is an industrial technique for controlling metallic corrosion. Cathodic protection is commonly used on buried and submerged metallic structures like pipelines, underground storage tanks, locks, subsea equipment, offshore floaters, harbours, and ship hulls. Corrosion is an electro-chemical process that operates as an electrical circuit. Corrosion occurs in the anode by oxidation and metal is lost; whereas in the cathode, protection occurs by the reduction reaction. In the cathodic protection technique, the concerned metal is converted into the cathode of the electrochemical corrosion cell to reduce corrosion. In this article, we will explore the basics of cathodic protection principles and industry practices. Basics of Corrosion What is Corrosion? Corrosion can be defined as the degradation of metal by its electrochemical reaction with a non-metallic matter such as oxygen, sulfur, etc. This occurs by forming an electrical circuit by the exchange of electrons. A corrosion cell consisting of anode, cathode, eletrolyte, and metallic connection between the anode and cathode is formed. So, for corrosion to occur, all the above four parts must be present which creates a closed circuit condition. At the surface of the metal that is exposed to the electrolyte, electrochemical reaction occurs. The anode corrodes due to oxidation reaction. What is an Anode? This is the most important part of the corrosion cell where corrosion occurs. The anode is defined as the point where the electricity is passed from the metal surface to the electrolyte by chemical means. This chemical reaction is characterized by the metal loosing an electron and combining with another element, usually oxygen is known as the oxidation reaction. In the case of steel, the resulting material is iron oxide popularly known as the rust. What is a Cathode? The cathode is the second necessary part of the corrosion cell where protection occurs. The cathode can be defined as the point where electricity is passed from the electrolyte to the metal surface by chemical means. This is a reduction reaction characterized by the metal passing electrons to the electrolyte. Depending upon the electrical potential compared to the other electrode, An electrode can behave either as an anode or as a cathode. This electrical potential difference is the driving electromotive force of the cell and is the voltage difference between the anode and the cathode. The electrode which is more electrically active, or more negative in voltage, undergoes the corrosion, so by definition is the anode. On the other hand, the electrode that is more noble (less negative in potential) passes electrons to the electrolyte (reduction reactions) and by definition is the cathode and does not undergo corrosion. What is an Electrolyte? Electrolyte, the third part of the corrosion cell, is the location where ions flow and can be any material in contact with both the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte allows oxidation and reduction reactions to occur and includes the source of atoms required for ion transfer to and from the anode and cathode. Metallic Path: The final part in the corrosion cell is the metallic path that completes the circuit and allows the electrons to flow. It can be any metal in contact with both the anode and the cathode. For example, In the case of a tank or pipeline, the tank or pipe itself, can act as the metallic path. Fig. 1: Examples of Corrosion cell Effect of Corrosion One Ampere of current can cause a loss of 9 Kg of Steel in One Year. Even a small amount of Current discharge, 1 mA can result in 7 holes of ¼” diameter in a 2” steel pipe of standard thickness in 1-year time. Corrosion can be mitigated by…. Cathodic ProtectionSelection of MaterialsCoatings What is Cathodic Protection (CP)? Cathodic protection is the use of DC Current from an External Source to oppose the discharge of corrosion current from anodic areas of the structure. It minimizes the potential difference between anode and cathode and in turn reduces corrosion. On the application of enough current, the whole pipeline or structure will be at one potential; thus, avoiding creation of anode and cathode sites. Principle of Cathodic Protection The principle of the Cathodic Protection system is determining the anode in a large corrosion cell for making the intended material as cathode overcoming smaller corrosion cells. This can be achieved by any of the following two methods: Galvanic Cathodic Protection: This method first selects a more active metal from the galvanic series. Then the metal is installed in the electrolyte and a metallic path is provided. This method of cathodic protection is called sacrificial cathodic protection, or galvanic cathodic protection. In this method, a galvanically more active metal is installed to act as the anode which sacrifices itself and protects the pipe/structure working as a cathode. Fig. 2: Galvanic Cathodic Protection Galvanic cathodic protection systems are fundamentally very simple. The anodes in sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems need to be inspected periodically and must be replaced when consumed. The simplest systems consist of the selection of an anode fabricated from an active metal (normally, zinc, aluminum or magnesium). Then that sacrificial anode is directly connected to the structure exposing it to the same environment as the structure/ pipeline to be protected. Fig. 3: Galvanic Anode System However, for buried pipelines the anodes are not directly attached to the structure. They are evenly distributed at a shorter distance from the pipeline. Then the pipeline is connected to the anode using a wire normally through a test station. Cathodic Protection with Galvanic Anodes: Magnesium AnodesZinc AnodesAluminum Anodes Advantages of Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection System Simple in Installation.No External Power Source.Very little operation or maintenance requirements.No Power Bills.Easy to Design.No expensive accessories like cables etc.Economical for small structures. Limitations of Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection System Low Driving Voltage.Poor performance due to passivation.Limited Current. Extremely small current available in higher resistivity electrolytes.Low life. Typical Application of Galvanic anode System Small Pipelines with good Coating.Harbor Facilities, Steel piles, Jetties, etc.Vessels, Tanks, etc.Plant facilities and Equipment, Seawater intakes, Screens, Condensers, Heat Exchangers, etc. Impressed current cathodic protection: In case of impressed current cathodic protection, a source of DC current is installed in the system which provides additional energy to force the current flow from an installed anode to the pipe or structural material making it a cathode. DC source can be a solar cell, rectifier, generator, battery, or some other DC power. The anode material is selected considering the cost and weight loss per ampere year of current. Graphite, high silicon cast iron (HSCI), platinum or mixed metal oxide are used as anodes for impressed current cathodic protection system as they are slowly consumed. The anodes should be periodically inspected and replaced if consumed. Fig. 4: Impressed current cathodic protection system Cathodic Protection with Impressed current Anodes: High silicon chromium cast iron AnodesMixed Metal Oxide AnodesGraphite Anodes Advantages of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Current and Voltage can be varied.Can be used in almost any resistivity Environment.Can be designed for remote monitoring and control.Can be designed for measurement of Instant OFF / ON.No limitation of driving Voltage.Economically feasible to replace anode system when required.The system is extremely flexible. Limitations of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems Regular monitoring and maintenance requiredRequires Main supply or another source of electric PowerInterference Problems must be considered.Relatively large chance of premature failure or breakdown. Theory of Cathodic Protection Steel in soil / water AnodicEarth / Sea water Cathodic As a result:- Steel loses electrons and hence corrosion To reverse the above: Make steel CathodicSeawater / Earth Anodic And this is the theory of cathodic protection where the intended material is converted into cathode. How does Cathodic Protection Work? Direct Current is forced to flow from an external source to the Structure. When the flow of this current is so adjusted to overpower corrosion current discharging from all anodic areas thereby providing complete Protection. Criteria for Cathodic Protection Steel in Soil: Pipe to Soil potential must be between –0.85 V to -1.2 V with respect to Cu/CuSo4 Reference Electrode. Steel in Water: Pipe to Electrolyte potential must be between –0.8V to –1.10V with respect to Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode. BASIS FOR CURRENT DENSITY…. SOIL RESISTIVITY >1000 ohm-cm 10 mA/m2100-1000 ohm-cm 20 mA/m2 150 ohm-cm 50 mA/m250-150 ohm-cm 75 mA/m2<50 ohm-cm 110 mA/m2 Fig. 5: Typical Anode and Monitoring Cathodic Protection System Design Prior to deciding the type of cathodic protection system and their design, certain preliminary data must be collected. Data required for deciding a Cathodic Protection System The following data are required for deciding a cathodic protection system Details of Structural Dimensions and drawingsSurface Coating SchemeDetails of Soil Strata / TerrainPresence of Foreign Metallic Structures.Details of cased crossingsHistory of corrosive areasStray current conditionsOperating TemperatureAvailability of AC PowerCorrosion history of structures in the areaElectrolyte resistivity and pH survey report to understand corrosion rate Planning a Cathodic Protection System Factors that govern the Cathodic Protection System Design: Choice of Cathodic Protection systemAmount of Total Current to achieve Cathodic ProtectionNo of Cathodic Protection InstallationsSpacing between them &Current Output of each InstallationType of anodes and ground bed configurationAny special conditions at certain locations needing modification of general CP PlanLocation of CP Test station. Selection of a Cathodic Protection System Size of the structure, soil resistivity, and past corrosion history dictates the selection of cathodic protection system. A current requirement test to protect the structure is performed before the selection. In general, when the soil resistivity is low (< 5000 ohm-centimeters) and the current density requirement is low, a sacrificial anode cathodic protection system is selected. However, for large structures with larger current requirement, a properly maintained impressed current system is used. Cathodic Protection System Design Sequence The following flowchart provides the design sequence for cathodic protection system design sequences. Fig. 6: Cathodic Protection System Design Sequence Flowchart The below-mentioned steps are usually followed while designing a sacrificial anode cathodic protection system design: Review soil resistivitySelect anode: For extremely corrosive soil (<2000 ohm-centimeters), Zinc is used. Otherwise, magnesium is used.Calculating the net driving potential for anodes.Finding the number of anodes needed to meet ground-bed resistance limitations.Estimating the number of anodes for system’s life expectancy.Selecting the number of anodes to be usedSelecting the ground-bed layoutCalculation of the life-cycle cost for proposed design.Preparing plans and specifications Similarly, the below-mentioned steps are followed for designing a impressed current cathodic protection system design: Review soil resistivityReview current requirement testSelect anode: Anode selection is based on the cost consideration.Estimating the number of anodes needed to satisfy manufacturer's current density limitationsCalculate number of anodes needed to meet design life requirement.Calculate number of anodes needed to meet maximum anode ground-bed resistance requirements.Select number of anodes to be used.Select area for placement of anode bed.Determine total circuit resistance.Calculate anode ground-bed resistance.Calculate ground-bed header cable resistance.Calculate structure-to-electrolyte resistance.Calculate total circuit resistance.Calculate rectifier voltage.Select a rectifier.Calculate system cost.Prepare plans and specifications. Why do we need Cathodic Protection in Plants Initial Investment for Petrochemical complexes, Fertilizer Plants, and Refineries are very high.The corrosion problems are not detected until some leak appears.Leakages can be extremely disastrous causing fatal accidents and great financial loss.Increases maintenance cost of repairs of leakages.The corrosion problem can also cause plants to shut down thereby losing production.Cathodic Protection can be installed at the time of the erection of the plant at a very low cost.The CP cost could be 5-6 times if it is installed after completion of the project as it involves a lot of excavation and restoration of structures. Complexities of Plant Cathodic Protection Scattered Underground Pipelines-Pipes in Parallel-Bifurcations-Closely grouped networkDifferent pipes could be of different materials and coatings.Area of influence shall vary from pipe to pipe.Heavy underground civil structure reinforcementsEarthing network.Tank Bottoms Corrosion Control for Above Grade Storage Tanks using CP system The Tank bottom in contact with soil undergoes corrosion. This could lead to leakage, loss of product and cause environmental hazards.It is much simpler and economical to install CP system during the construction stage. Cathodic Protection for Pipelines Main data required for deciding a Cathodic Protection System for pipelines are Details of Structure DimensionsSurface Coating SchemeDetails of Soil Strata / TerrainPresence of Foreign Metallic Structures.Details of cased crossingsHistory of corrosive areasStray current conditionsOperating TemperatureAvailability of AC Power Equipment used for Cathodic Protection System Anodes MMO AnodesSilicon Iron AnodesGraphite Anodes The anodes are installed in deep well borehole ground beds. Fig. 7: Typical Deepwell installation with MMO Anodes Solar Generators Corrosion Protection Stations where the input power is not available, Solar generators are used to power the CP system. Anode Junction Box (AJB) The anode junction boxes are used to distribute the DC power from the T/R unit to the anodes at each CP station. The anode tail cables and the positive header (from T/R) are terminated inside the AJB. One circuit with suitably rated shunts for monitoring the current output of the anode string. Negative Distribution Box (NDB) The negative header cable (from T/R) and negative drain cable from the pipeline are terminated inside the NDB at each CP station. Each circuit shall have a variable resistor to control the current and suitably rated shunt to monitor the current. Solid State Polarization Cell Pipeline to be earthed at all overhead powerline crossings where the voltage is greater than 100 kV. Connected across the pipeline and the system earthing. Prevents the CP current drain from the structure to the system earthing. Shunts all fault currents and induced currents to the earth. Surge Diverters Surge Diverters are used across Isolating Joints Facilities. Provides surge protection to Isolating Joints in case of a lightning strike or other faults. Monitoring of the Corrosion Protection System For routine maintenance and monitoring of the effectiveness of the CP system, the following test facilities are provided along the pipeline. POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT FACILITY: For measurement of the pipe to soil potential with respect to a portable reference cell. These facilities are provided at a regular interval of one facility every two kilometersDRAIN POINT TEST FACILITY: At each CP station a drain point test facility is provided. Two permanent reference cells, two polarization coupons, and one corrosometer probe are used to measure the pipe to soil potential with respect to a permanent buried Cu/CuSO4 reference cell and the instant OFF potential from a buried coupon. Corrosometer allows monitoring of the corrosion rate and thereby the performance of the system. Permanent Reference cells are used to feed data for the SCADA system.FOREIGN SERVICE CROSSING/PARALLEL FACILITY: To carry out interference testing at foreign pipeline crossing or foreign pipeline running parallel to SGP. To facilitate the mitigation of Interference effects Cathodic Protection System Monitoring Frequency Economic and safety considerations require close supervision and maintenance of all cathodic protection systems. Monitoring can be divided into three categories: Monthly MonitoringQuarterly MonitoringAnnual Monitoring Monthly Monitoring: Recording drain point potentialsGround bed resistanceAnode current outputT/R output and T/R settingsSolar output settings Quarterly Monitoring: Recording Structure to Electrolyte Potential at the measurement location. (Only ON potentials to be recorded)Bonding Currents to be measured.Isolation joints to be tested using the Swing Test.Reports to be generated.Solar output settings Close Interval Potential (CIP) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) Surveys It is recommended that a Close Interval Potential Survey should be conducted within one year after commissioning the Corrosion Protection system. This should be repeated once every three to five years.Based on the CIPS data, the DCVG survey should be conducted immediately at sites where under protection has been observed during the CIP survey. It is also recommended that DCVG survey is conducted for the entire pipeline once every three to five years. So, we can conclude that cathodic protection is a very useful and widely used method of steel protection. However, this method is costly and requires periodic maintenance and replacement. Click to know more about Design of Cathodic Protection for Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) Pipeline