SmartPads System: Protection Against External Pipeline Corrosion Under Pipe Supports

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Piping Supports

There are no better alternatives to piping and pipeline systems for carrying fluids. But most piping and pipeline systems are subjected to corrosion which reduces the life span and sometimes creates failures. Corrosion is one of the major threats to both piping and pipeline systems. There are two types of piping corrosion; Internal corrosion by the fluid and external corrosion by the environment and thermal effects. Internal corrosion is usually compensated during the design stage by considering extra pipe thickness or by providing internal lining. However, most of the time the external pipe and pipeline corrosion remain unnoticed. In this article, we will explore more about external pipe and pipeline corrosion and some of the means to prevent/reduce external corrosion.

Piping systems are usually designed for a life span of 20 to 25 years and pipeline systems for 10 to 40 years. To ensure that the system works smoothly throughout its design life, the pipe must be protected from corrosion. There are ways by which the extent of external corrosion can be reduced.

The pipe external corrosion that occurs in a pipe or pipeline system can be categorized into two groups.

Pipe external corrosion due to Prevalent Environmental Condition
External pipe corrosion on pipe support points due to rubbing (friction) during pipe thermal growth.

In this article, we will learn about corrosion under pipe supports.

Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS)

An industrial piping system typically rests on supporting structures at intervals predetermined by engineering specifications. These supports can be made from concrete, steel, wood, etc. Such piping systems often vibrate and move due to expansion and contraction (both seasonally and between day and night), rotating equipment such as pumps and compressors, fluid flow, etc. As a result, and due to the physical contact between a pipe and its supporting structure and these types of movements, these contact regions or points often rub and scratch off a pipe’s protective coating. Over time, this removes that protective coating entirely, leaving expensive piping bare and exposed to the elements such as humidity, heat, salt, oxygen, etc.

There is a reduction in airflow in the area where the pipe and support meet, which causes moisture to remain for longer periods. As a result of all these factors, corrosion starts to set in.

Once a pipe starts to corrode, corrosion cells slowly but steadily spread, eating the pipe from the outside in, until it punctures and chemicals leak out, causing lost assets at least, and catastrophic failure and the loss of life at worst.

**Fig. 1: Corroded under pipe supports**

Solving this problem typically involves either protection or inspection and remediation. Inspection can be costly, while remediation oftentimes involves line shutdown and safety hazards, in addition to the actual cost of remediation. Proper protection eliminates this problem before it occurs. To protect piping systems from corrosion, numerous solutions have been developed over the past few decades, with varying degrees of success, failure, and cost.

Existing Solutions for Corrosion under Pipe Supports

Numerous attempts have been made over the past few decades to protect piping systems from corrosion at the pipe support contact points (CUPS). Metal wear plates that cradle a pipe are either fully
welded or tack-welded to a pipe at these contact regions to protect them from friction, and they can be an effective solution.

However, these metallic types of saddles do not stop corrosion, not to mention that the installation process requires line shutdown and welding permits, which would halt production for the duration of the procedure. Metallic wear pads can also become a safety hazard if moisture is trapped in crevices between the pad and the pipe, causing the formation of hidden corrosion cells.

Metal round bars have also been used to raise pipes above their supports to promote airflow. However, such bars point-load the pipe and cause increased stress at the point of contact. This causes more problems than it solves. Their plastic counterparts often fail and break off, or simply cause the same point-loading and damage.

**Fig. 2: Examples of Corrosion under pipe supports**

Rubber, Neoprene, TEFLON, and PTFE flat sheets are sometimes wrapped around a pipe in those regions to isolate it from its supporting structures. However, these sheets often slide off, fall off, or are torn apart due to high friction forces, thus exposing the pipe to the elements again. In the end, they all lead to corrosion.

All these solutions, including traditional FRP, wear pads that cradle a pipe and use epoxy to be fastened to a pipe, usually require special inspection procedures to verify their effectiveness over time. Inspection devices and processes, including X-Ray, EMAT, radar, lasers, etc., are costly. Lifting pipes and recoating them at these weakening points is even more costly.

Traditional FRP Wear Pads

Since the design of the SmartPads resembles that of epoxied-on FRP wear pads, we will give these pads a bit more attention and discuss their strengths and weaknesses in greater detail. Epoxied-on, or glued-on, FRP wear pads are a proven and effective solution to combat Corrosion Under Pipe Supports. The pads effectively separate and support the contact region of a pipe without point loading and damaging the pipe over time.

They offer advantages over their metallic counterparts in that there are no metallic components, and as such, they do not require welding permits or line shutdowns.

However, FRP wear pads do have a few drawbacks, especially when compared to SmartPads design, as follows:

The installation process is laborious and can take 15 to 60 minutes, depending on the experience of the installer and various environmental factors.
Thorough and meticulous pipe surface cleaning and roughening are required for the epoxy to properly adhere to the pipe.
The installation process requires an additional 24 hours of cure time for the epoxy to effectively bond the pad to the pipe.
The epoxy must fully cover the inner surface of the pad, and a sealing perimeter bead of epoxy around the entire pad is also required to prevent water molecules from entering the pad/pipe interface. Dirt and other impurities, as well as imperfect workmanship, can all allow water molecules to enter between the pad and the pipe, rendering the pads useless in protecting pipes from corrosion. Replacing or repairing damages caused by trapped moisture can cost thousands to millions of dollars.
The use of epoxy is particularly cumbersome and messy in the summer and can be almost impossible to use in extremely cold weather conditions.
Faulty installations are possible; installer experience is critical.
The process requires several components to be maintained on hand.
The process may require a paint touchup afterward.

The SmartPads System

The SmartPads System is an innovative solution made from components and materials that have been on the market for many years. However, these components have either been redesigned or are combined in a new and innovative manner to better solve the CUPS problem, at a fraction of the overall cost of competing solutions. Some components are used as-is, while others required some intelligent design modifications to suit the problem at hand and to create a better and more effective pipe corrosion protection solution.

In short, the SmartPads System protects piping systems from CUPS in the following manner:

The SmartPads themselves are all-composite FRP wear pads with special design modifications, including two recessed grooves to allow SmartBands to sit recessed into the pad’s body. The recesses anchor the bands firmly in place while protecting them from being damaged by the pipe support.
A closed-cell Hydroseal gasket is pre-installed on the inner surface of each SmartPad. These gaskets are capable of offering NEMA 4 watertight seal when compressed.
The SmartPad, with its Hydroseal gasket, is placed underneath the pipe at the pipe support point to isolate it from its supporting structure and to protect it from wear.
Composite SmartBands are looped around each SmartPad into the recessed grooves, and composite buckles are attached to the SmartBands.
The smart tool is then used to apply a high rate of tension to tighten the SmartBands, thus compressing the Hydroseal gasket. This, along with the pipe’s compressive load, creates a NEMA 4 water-tight seal, effectively eliminating the possibility of moisture ingress between the pad and the pipe.
Finally, the built-in clipping mechanism of the SmartTool is used to cut off excess banding.
The installation process takes only seconds.
The SmartPads can be removed, in seconds, by cutting off the SmartBands to visually inspect the pipe. They can then be reinstalled, again in seconds, using the original SmartPad and gasket.
The SmartPad’s body will also protect the pipe’s surface from friction at the contact region, thus preserving the pipe’s protective coating.

SmartPads System Components

The SmartPads System consists of four main components, as follows:

Composite (FRP) SmartPad
Hydroseal Gasket
SmartBand & Buckle (all composite)
Smartwool
Chemical Resistant Option: Teflon Strips

1- Composite (FRP) SmartPad

The SmartPads are made from a true Laminated Vinyl Ester Composite material. They are designed, manufactured, and tested specifically to be used as pipe supports. The composite material consists of many layers of continuous strand mat laminate (see below), impregnated with top-quality vinyl ester resin.

Most manufacturers of FRP wear pads re-purpose low-cost filament wounds FRP duct or FRP pipe/tubing. These are designed to carry corrosive internal media but were never designed to be used as pipe supports.

The SmartPad’s fiber-reinforced composite material has a high load capacity rating and a low friction surface. This allows the SmartPad to effectively support and protect a pipe as it slides over a beam or support location. The composite material is UV stable and load tested to ensure peak performance in the most demanding applications such as marine, off-shore, and other highly corrosive environments.

2- Hydroseal Gasket

The SmartPad’s Hydroseal gasket is the key component for preventing water molecules from entering the interface between a pad and a pipe to cause corrosion. The gasket consists of a closed-cell structure resembling a memory foam mattress for pipes. Once compressed, the gasket conforms to the pipe’s outer surface, effectively dampening vibration and improving impact resistance.

The key feature of the Hydroseal gasket is the watertight NEMA 4 seal it creates, when it compresses, between a pipe and the SmartPad’s exoskeleton. This solves the prevailing problem associated with FRP wear pads and similar solutions that depend on epoxy to create a watertight seal. The gasket system eliminates the chances of moisture getting trapped between the pad/pipe interface. Once moisture is taken out of the equation, a corrosion cell cannot form. Installer error in an epoxied-on system could lead to moisture traps and severe crevice corrosion issues that could remain hidden and undetected for years; a problem the patented system remedies.

3- SmartBands

The SmartBands are used to fasten SmartPads to pipes. SmartBands are heavy-duty, continuous-strand fiberglass-reinforced polymer straps that do not have any metallic components or parts. When the bands are tensioned using the SmartTool, they will be securely fastened and will not slip or fall off. The only way to remove them is to cut them off. A large amount of tension, combined with the weight of the pipe itself, will cause the Hydroseal gasket to become compressed. This creates the NEMA 4 watertight seal that prevents water molecules from collecting between the pads and the pipe, which causes corrosion (CUPS) over time.

The teeth on each SmartBand will prevent the release of tension over time. This means the NEMA 4 seal will remain as long as the SmartPad is installed, and for the duration of its lifecycle, between 20 and 30 years, and possibly more.

4- SmartTool

The SmartTools is specially designed to tighten the SmartBands, which in turn fastens the SmartPads to the pipe with the necessary tension to be retained for the lifetime of the system. The tool, in all its variants, is capable of creating more than enough force to compress the Hydroseal gasket to create a NEMA 4 watertight seal, without even factoring in the weight of the pipe itself. This mechanism prevents corrosion from ever forming between the pad/gasket and the pipe.

The tools are made from high-grade composite and metallic materials capable of applying high rates of force without damage or deformation. Their design entails ergonomic hand grips, for both convenience and proper operation. A built-in mechanism to cut off excess banding is included, for both convenience and speed of operation.

SmartTools come in three varieties: Manual for quick operation, mechanical for precise application of specific force ratings per engineering standards, and pneumatic for quick installation of large numbers of SmartPads.

5- Optional: TEFLON Strips, Chemical Resistant Option

Some chemical processes involve highly corrosive materials that may damage the SmartPad or the Hydroseal gasket. As such, a TEFLON strip can be applied to the perimeter of the Hydroseal gasket to protect it as well as the edges of the SmartPad from such corrosive chemicals. A wide variety of materials can be utilized for this purpose, with TEFLON being the most common. This strip is represented by the white material at the perimeter of the model.

SmartPads System Benefits

The SmartPads System is the latest of many competing solutions designed to solve the expensive problem of corrosion under pipe support (CUPS). While each solution has its pros and cons, the SmartPads System offers numerous advantages and benefits that no other solution offers or combines. Among such benefits are:

Heavy-duty, all-composite material
Eliminates metal-to-metal contact
Prevents external corrosion in piping systems at the pipe support points
Epoxyless SmartPads offer effective corrosion protection benefits without the problems associated with epoxied-on FRP wear pads
Installs in seconds
Quick removal and reinstallation
Allows visual inspection for corrosion, in seconds
100% install success rate
NEMA 4 watertight seal between pipe and pad/gasket
Removable: In seconds, allowing future visual inspections at reduced labor costs (approx. half the overall cost)
Reusable: Cost-effective and green solution
Versatile: Offers a wide range of gasket materials to meet specific applications, including corrosive chemicals resistant options
Dampens vibration and noise
Installs on live lines
No welding permits or line shutdown required
-60°F to 400°F (-51°C to 204°C) operating temperature

Speed of Installation

The SmartPads System has no viable competitor when it comes to ease and speed of installation. The pads install in seconds, while other solutions entail the long processes of welding or the application of epoxy or adhesives. For example, epoxied-on FRP wear pads can take 15-30 minutes to install, plus an additional 24 hours or more of epoxy cure time, depending on ambient temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors. Installer experience also plays a major role in the successful installation of these pads. The SmartPads System does not require any cure time. Also, installers are not required to perform any touch-up work to seal the pad to the pipe, since no epoxy is involved. Furthermore, the self-sealing Hydroseal gasket is designed to reduce the risk of a faulty installation, making the system even safer and more efficient.

Additionally, and in the rare occasion a SmartPad, for one reason or another, is installed incorrectly, or installed at the wrong location, it can be easily removed and re-installed, with minimal time and cost requirements. The same applies if a SmartPad must be removed for visual inspection purposes; this process will only take seconds. Epoxied-on FRP wear pads cannot be removed once the epoxy cures, even for inspection purposes, unless chiseled off. Welded metallic wear pads will be even harder to remove.

SmartPads in Operation

The SmartPad System has been in service since 2018 in facilities near the Gulf of Mexico. Currently, a few major customers are deploying the system in pilot programs, for both assessment purposes and full adoption. Among those customers are Chevron, Formosa, and Nutrien, all located in the Gulf of Mexico or near coastal regions. Further information about smart pads systems can be found by clicking here

Online Video Courses on Piping Support

To learn more about piping support design and engineering you can opt for the following video course.

Pipe Support Design and Engineering for Industrial Piping System

What is an Anchor Flange? Its Applications, Dimensions, and Features

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Piping Design Basics

An Anchor flange is a forged fitting that looks like a weld neck flange with shape. It resembles a pipe flange but acts as an anchor in pipelines. This is the reason they are popularly known as Anchor Flange. Anchor flanges are embedded inside reinforced concrete blocks and are specifically used in pipelines to limit the thermal expansion/contraction forces and thrust forces. The weight of an anchor flange is usually estimated according to two weld neck flanges of the same size.

Uses of Anchor Flanges

Anchor flanges in pipelines are installed in various ways. Some of the typical locations for installing anchor flanges are:

points of directional change
suction and discharge laterals of the pumping station at a river crossing
connections to equipment at meter run
to secure subsea piping and risers to the platform structure

Anchor flanges immobilize the pipe at predetermined locations decided by pipeline stress engineers and transfer built-up stresses to external structures. The use of anchor flanges protects equipment and valves from very high stresses that could be generated due to the temperature and pressure of the line.

Features of an Anchor Flange

The concrete that embeds the anchor flange must be designed considering the loads for the worst operating scenario. Normal practice is to calculate the anchor flange loads using pipe stress analysis software.

Anchor flanges are supplied with end weld bevels that match the pipeline wall thickness. Widely used materials for anchor flanges are SA 105 and high-yield stress such as SA 694, F52, F60, F65, and F70. In general, the sizes of anchor flanges range up to 42”, however, larger custom sizes can be available. Each anchor flange is designed following the rules mentioned in ASME VIII Div.1 with the data taken from the process datasheet supplied by the customer.

For large-diameter, high-pressure, and long-distance oil and gas pipelines, anchor flanges act as important supporting members. They are normally placed underground or buried.

An anchor flange is a type of flanged axisymmetric ring body. Both sides of the flange are symmetrical flange necks. The ends of the two flanged necks are each welded to the end of the pipe and embedded in the anchor pile. The two flanges are connected by bolts, combined with existing technology, the gasket is removed, and the flange is connected to the gas transmission pipeline by welding to create an integral flange, which is fixed by the flange body and the anchor pile. Can be used for pipeline connection repair.

Anchor Flange Dimensions

Dimensions of anchor flanges are obtained from ASME B16.5. The anchor flange dimensions vary with respect to the pressure class and size of the pipeline. In general, all dimensions including thickness increases when the pressure class increases for the same size of the pipeline. Again, the anchor flange dimensions increase with respect to the increase in pipeline sizes for the same pressure class.

Ordering Information for Anchor Flanges

The following information must be provided while ordering an anchor flange.

Nominal pipeline size and wall thickness
Pipeline material details
Design code
Design temperature and pressure
Corrosion allowance
Installation temperature
Allowable concrete bearing stress
Maximum axial load
Other applicable moments and load information

What is a Condensate? Properties and Applications of Condensate

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Process

In normal day-to-day operations, we always find terms like steam condensate, gas condensate, oil condensate, and so on. So, the term condensate is widely used in the oil and gas industries. In this article, we will explore the meaning of Condensate, its definition, generations, and implications.

What is a Condensate | Condensate Definition

Condensate is the final liquid product produced by condensation. Whenever any vapor or gaseous phase condenses it produces condensate of that product. So, condensation is mainly related to vapors and gases. For example, the condensation of steam produces steam condensation. In a similar way, the product produced by the chemical condensation reaction is known as chemical condensate.

Condensate is a generic term widely used to describe the liquid phase generated from gas/vapor condensation. Normally the condensate coexists with the gaseous phase and produces a two-phase mixture. Again, condensate can form by condensation of a mixture of a variety of very low-density, very low-viscosity, liquid hydrocarbons along with natural gas. Depending on the product from which they are generated condensate is sometimes termed natural gas condensate, steam condensate, condensate water, etc.

Condensate is formed when the latest heat from any gas, vapor, or steam is removed by chemical reaction or by contact with other cold surfaces.

Properties of Condensate

The important properties associated with any condensate are:

Molecular Weight: Calculated as a function of the molecular weight of the individual components.
Density and Specific Volume
Specific Gravity: Calculated as the ratio of the condensate density to the density of water at the same pressure and temperature. Gas condensate usually has a specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8.
API gravity specifically for Petroleum products (Oil condensate has an API gravity ranging from 45 to 70).
Surface tension to measure the extent of energy stored at the condensate surface.

Depending on the source and the process the condensate is generated, the composition of condensates varies. The appearance of condensate also varies from colorless to yellow or brown.

Typically, petroleum condensates are composed mainly of saturated hydrocarbons like butane, pentane, hexane, etc. They usually contain low Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons which are generally found in crude oils. Oil condensates have a very low solubility in water but are highly volatile. Due to the low density of petroleum condensates, they float on the sea surface and would begin to evaporate quickly.

Applications of Condensate

In general condensate formation is believed to be bad for steam and other vapors due to the damaging effects of two-phase flows. But in some instances they are useful as listed below:

For the manufacture of products like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating fuels, etc Condensates are used as refinery feedstocks.
For the manufacture of ethylene, high paraffin condensates are used.
To dilute highly viscous heavier oils, condensates are efficiently used.

What is Flange Face? Types of Flange Faces and Flange Face Finishes

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Piping Design Basics

The flange face is the surface area that receives the gasket. The gasket material seat over the flange faces for creating effective sealing under pressure. The flange faces are designed according to ASME B16.5 for flanges up to 24 inches and as per ASME B16.47 for flanges 26 inches and larger. To prevent leakage problems, various types of flange faces are produced. In this article, we will learn about various types of flange faces and types of flange face finishes.

Types of Flange Faces

The ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 standards refer to six different types of flange faces. They are

Flat face flange (FF)
Raised face flange (RF)
Ring joint flange (RTJ)
Lap joint flange
Male and female flange (M&F)
Large and small tongue-and-groove flange (T&G)

Flanges with different faces require different gaskets and should never be mated to prevent joint leakage.

Raised Face (RF)

Raised face flanges are the most common type used in process plant applications and are easily identifiable. It is called a raised face because the sealing face is higher than the circular face of the bolt. This face type enables a wide range of gasket design combinations such as flat ring sheet type, spiral wound type, double wall type, and other metal composite materials.

The purpose of the RF flange is to concentrate more pressure in a smaller sealing area, thereby increasing the joint’s ability to hold pressure. Diameter and height are defined in ASME B16.5 by pressure class and diameter. The pressure level on the flange determines the height of the sealing strip. The typical flange face finish for ASME B16.5 RF flanges is 125 to 250 µin Ra (3 to 6 µm Ra). For pressure classes 150 and 300, the sealing strip height is approximately 1.6 mm (1/16 inch). For pressure classes 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500, the sealing strip height is approximately 6.4 mm (1/4 inch).

Flat Face (FF)

A flat face flange has a sealing surface in the same plane as the circumferential surface of the bolt. Flat face flanges should not be bolted to raised face flanges. A soft type (non-metallic) full-face gasket is generally used between two flat-face flanges while making a joint connection. This type of flange face is also known as a plain face. Flat-face flanges are preferred for low-pressure applications. Flat-face flanges are not suggested to mate with an RF flange.

Ring Joint Flange (RTJ)

Ring-type connection flanges are typically used in high-pressure (class 600 and above) and/or high-temperature applications above 800°F (427°C). They have grooves cut into the faces that are steel ring gaskets. As the tightened bolts force the gasket between the flanges into the groove, the flanges seal, deforming the gasket to seal it in the groove, creating a metal-to-metal seal.

The RTJ flange has a raised face with a machined annular groove. This raised surface does not act as part of the sealant. In the case of O-ring sealing RTJ flanges, the raised faces of the flanges that are mated and clamped together may come into contact. In this case, the compressed gasket does not carry any additional load beyond the tension of the bolt, and vibration or movement will not further crush the gasket and reduce the stress in the joint.

RTJ flanges can be sealed with RTJ gaskets in various styles (R, RX, BX) and profiles (e.g. R-style Octagonal/Oval). The most common RTJ gasket is R; styled with an octagonal cross-section to ensure a very strong seal. The “shallow groove” design accepts octagonal or oval cross-section RTJ gaskets.

Lap Joint Flange

The lap flange has a flat side that is not used to seal the flange joint but simply accommodates the back of the stub end. The sealing surface is actually at the stub end itself and can be either flat or raised.

Male and Female Flange

Male and female flanges require adjustment of the flange. The flange face has an area beyond the normal (male) flange face. The other flange or mating flange has a matching recess (female) machined into the face.

The female face is 3/16″ deep and the male face is 1/4″ high, both with a smooth finish. The outer diameter of the female face is used to locate and hold the gasket. Basically, two versions are available; a small M&F flange and a large M&F flange. Custom male and female shrouds are often found on heat exchanger shells to channel and cover the flanges.

Tongue and Groove Flange

The tongue and groove surfaces of these flanges must match. One flange face has a raised ring (Tongue) machined into the flange face and the mating flange has a matching recess (groove) machined into that face.

Tongue and groove facings are standardized in both large and small. they. They differ from male and female threads in that the inner diameter of the tongue and groove does not protrude into the flange base, thus retaining the seal at its inner and outer diameters. These are commonly found on pump covers and cam covers.

Tong and groove joints also have the advantage of being self-aligning and acting as a reservoir for glue. Blade joints keep the load axis aligned with the joint and do not require extensive machining.

Common flange faces such as RTJ, T&G, and F&M should not be bolted. The reason for this is that the contact surfaces do not match and there are no seals that have one type on one side and another type on the other.

Flange Face Finishes

To ensure that a flange mates with the gasket and the companion flange perfectly, ASME B16.5 requires some roughness on the flange surface area for RF and FF flange finish. The type of roughness defines the type of flange face finish for the flange face surface.

Common types of flange face finishes are

stock,
concentric serrated,
spiral serrated,
smooth flange finish, and
cold water finish.

Steel flanges are available with four basic face finishes, however, the common objective of any type of flange face finish is to create the desired roughness on the flange face. It ensures a strong match between the flange, the gasket, and the mating flange for a high-quality seal.

Let’s now learn the most common flange face finish types:

Stock Finish

The most widespread type of flange finish is Stock finish. It suits a large majority of applications. The compressive pressure embeds the soft gasket face into the flange finish resulting in a good seal formation due to the high friction between the contacting faces.

Bolting of the mating flanges squeezes the gasket into the flange face surface and creates a very tight seal.

A stock finish face is produced using a phonographic spiral groove having a 1.6 mm radius round-nose tool with a depth of 0.15 mm and a feed rate of 0.8 mm per revolution. The resulting surface “Ra” values (AARH) range from 125 µinch to 500 µinch (125 µm to 12.5 µm).

Spiral Serrated Finish

Spiral Serrated Surface is a phonographic spiral groove type that differs from the stock surface. The grooves are made with a 90-degree tool (not a round nose tool) that creates a “V” shape with a 45-degree serration angle. The serrated surface is concentric or helical with 30-55 grooves per inch and a roughness of 125-250 microinches.

Concentric Serrated Finish

The grooves are machined using the same 90-degree tooling used for the spiral splines, but the splines have a uniform design on the face of the flange. To create concentric grooves, the tool feed rate is 0.039 mm per revolution and the depth is 0.079 mm.

Smooth Finish

Flanges with a smooth finish will not show any grooves to the bare eye. Tool marks are not visible to the naked eye. Metal-facing gaskets such as the jacketed type make use of this type of flange finish. This flange finish is achieved by machining the contact surface with a continuous spiral groove machined to a depth of 0.05mm with a 0.8mm radius round nose tool at a feed rate of 0.3mm per revolution.

Cold Water Finish

The appearance of the cold water finish is smooth and shiny. The normal range of AARH values for these types of flange surfaces is between 85 µinch to 100 µinch. Metal-to-metal sealing without the use of a gasket requires this type of flange finish.

Definition of AARH

The full form of AARH for flange face finishes is arithmetic average roughness height. AARH refers to the flange face’s smoothness/roughness. The AARH values are very important during the flange and gasket material selection process. Higher AARH or “Ra” values signify a more rough surface and vice versa. Specific surface roughness is deliberately generated for specific applications.

The “Arithmetic Average Roughness Height” of AARH is the common indicator for measuring surface roughness. The AARH is defined as the average height of the irregularities on the metal surface, from the mean line. The AARH is measured in micro-inches and denoted by the symbol “Ra”.

Depending on the type of application, there are various standards governing the roughness of surfaces. The name of the equipment used to measure the surface roughness is “profilometer”.

Flange AARH

As the flange face finish plays an important role in the gasket’s reliability and service life, ASME/ANSI defined specific roughness standards for the flanges. According to those standards, the serrated, spiral serrated, and concentric flange face finish should have an average roughness of 125 µinch to 250 µinch (3.2 µm to 6.3 µm).

Specially designed tools with a radius of 0.06 inches (1.5mm) or larger are used to imprint a rough finish on the flange. The groove density on the flange face is usually from 45 grooves per inch to 55 grooves per inch (1.8 grooves/ mm. to 2.2 grooves/ mm.).

When the average flange face roughness is not according to the described standards, the sealing of contacting surfaces would not be properly leading to possible leakage.

Allowed AARH Imperfections

The parameters that govern the sealing performance of the flanges’ gaskets are

AARH,
the flange dimensions, and
the pressure of the stud bolts.

As per the ASME, the adjacent imperfections must be separated by a distance of at least 4 times the maximum radial projection. The radial projection is calculated by subtracting the inner radius from the outer radius.

Note that, the serrations are marked at the same level, and any protrusion above them is not acceptable. These may cause the adjacent serrations to lose hold of the gasket material and may result in wear and leakages.

What is ASTM? What are ASTM Standards? ASTM vs ASME

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Engineering Materials,Mechanical

The full form of ASTM is the American Society for Testing and Materials. It is an internationally recognized body. They are widely familiar as most oil and gas professionals must have referred to some of their standards. Founded in 1902, ASTM International develops and delivers voluntary consensus standards for improving product quality. These ASTM standards also make products safer and improve international standardization which in turn facilitates trade. In the year 2001, ASTM changed its name to ASTM International.

The standards developed and published by the ASTM include a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. There are currently 12,575+ ASTM standards that are operating globally. The organization has its headquarters in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.

ASTM Standards

More than thirty thousand ASTM members from 140+ countries join together to provide their technical expertise for the development of ASTM standards used worldwide. The standards developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials serve more than 150 global industries. Some of the areas where ASTM standards are predominant are:

Construction
Consumer products
Metals
Paints
Plastics
Textiles
Petroleum
Energy
Environment
Electronics
Medical services, devices, etc

Development of ASTM standards

The main reason for their diverse and broad range of standards development work within ASTM International is their open process. Highly expert professionals from all over the globe participate in the ASTM system. Due to the very high level of technical quality, almost 50 percent of ASTM standards are used and distributed outside the United States.

The use of online technologies by ASTM International not only encourages open participation and responsiveness to industry needs but also facilitates broad global input. The ASTM organization practice internet-based standards development forums with 24/7 access worldwide. The success of ASTM also pertains to its online balloting, electronic minutes and templates, virtual meetings, and state-of-the-art distribution methods.

Services of ASTM International

The main service of ASTM international is to publish and distribute high-quality technical standards. Additionally, ASTM International provides services that expand the knowledge and application of standards. They conduct various programs throughout the year. Some of the ASTM programs are:

Symposia,
Proficiency testing programs,
Publications in a variety of formats, and
Technical training courses.

ASTM publishes a monthly magazine, Standardization News, that provides updated information on standards development around the world.

Use of ASTM standards

There is a broad range of use for the ASTM standards. They are widely used in research and development, product testing and acceptance, quality systems, and commercial transactions throughout the globe. ASTM standards are so popular that they are synonymous with today’s competitive business strategies.

ASTM Annual book for Steel

The Annual Book of ASTM Standards for Steel has 8 volumes in total. It contains all relevant materials like formally approved ASTM standard classifications, specifications, test methods, guides, practices, terminologies, proposals, etc. These terms in the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees are defined as follows:

Steel Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings
Steel Plates for General Structure
Steel Plates for Boiler and Pressure Vessels
Steels for Machine Structural Use
Steels for Special Purposes

The following data are provided in each standard:

Standard number and year
Grade, Chemical composition, and Mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield point, notch toughness, etc.
Other required data like steel type, manufacturing method, heat treatment, the thickness of plate, and other data are described.

ASTM Membership

Membership in the ASTM organization is open for anyone interested in similar activities. Standards are developed by the committee members. As the need arises new committees are formed. The ASTM membership in most committees is voluntary and is usually initiated by the member’s own request. ASTM Members are classified as users, producers, consumers, and “general interest”. The general interest members include academics and consultants. Users are basically industry users, who can be producers in terms of other technical committees, and end-users such as consumers.

As per the statics of the year 2015, ASTM had more than 30,000 members from more than 140 countries. This includes over 1,150 organizational members. ASTM has a nice reward system for contributions to standards authorship and other activities.

Why do ASTM Standards Matter?

As ASTM standards ensure the quality and consistency of materials, Scientists, engineers, architects, and government agencies rely on it. Even though all these standards are voluntary, sometimes authorities make them mandatory when required to cite them in contracts, government codes, regulations, or laws.

For evaluating the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of metals, ASTM standards are crucial. This information helps the product manufacturers with proper processing and application procedures. Over 12500+ ASTM standards are available on the ASTM webpage which institutions and individuals can make use of.

What is ASTM Certiication?

ASTM Certification satisfies the regulatory requirements complying with industry standards. These certifications increase customer confidence and create an edge for the certified product. ASTM has various more than 75 certification programs, 1300+ certified products, and 130+ certified manufacturers. All these ASTM certification details can be accessed through their webpage.

ASTM vs ASME

Even though most of the time the ASTM and ASME materials are nearly identical, there may be differences. There are many ASTM materials that are not acceptable by the ASME Code. Both of these American standards have specific meanings and usage which sometimes makes them different.

Basically, ASTM creates the material specifications and standard test methods to determine compliance. The ASME codes select those ASTM materials that work perfectly in boiler or pressure vessel service and then accept them within the service range of limitations.

The main difference between ASTM and ASME materials is that ASTM materials are applicable for a range of different uses. Whereas ASME materials are specifically developed for use in pressurized equipment. ASTM materials can be used in non-pressurized equipment services like machinery and equipment. But ASME materials are suitable for pressurized equipment like boilers, heat exchangers, pipes, fittings, piping spools, tanks, pressure vessels, large liquid, and oil and gas storage containers.

Also, ASTM is not a code. It only issues properties of materials through its standards. On the other hand, ASME is a code that may use ASTM materials for its applications.

What is an Excavator? Applications and Types of Excavators

Written by Anup Kumar Dey in Construction,Piping Interface

An excavator is a piece of heavy construction equipment for a wide range of jobs like excavation, trenching, digging, lifting, or truck loading. Its outstanding durability and simple operation make excavators one of the most popular construction equipment. Excavators fall under the earthmoving vehicle category and consist of a boom, bucket, dipper (arm), rotating cab, and movable tracks. They usually work using a hydraulic mechanism. In this article, we will learn about the types and working of excavators used in the construction industry.

Applications of Excavators

Industrial excavators are used in a variety of contractor and industrial needs, including road construction, building construction, mining, and demolitions. Some of the common applications of excavators are

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations, ditches, and underground excavation.
Brush cutting
Material Handling
Forestry work
River dredging
Forestry mulching
Demolition with hydraulic claw, cutter, and breaker attachments
Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
Aircraft recycling
Hydro excavation to access fragile underground infrastructure using high-pressure water
Driving piles
Removing snow using snowplow and snow blower attachments
Drilling shafts for footings and rock blasting using hydraulic drill attachments
Debris removal, etc

Parts of an Excavator

To perform its function smoothly excavators have various parts that can be broken down into three distinct sections; the undercarriage, cab, and arm/boom. The main components in each section are listed below.

Undercarriage: The bottom section of an excavator is known as the undercarriage and it houses various moving parts like excavator tracks, track frames, track pads, track chains, track shoes, track bolts, rock guards, sprockets, rollers, idlers, etc.

Cab: Cab is the main control element of an excavator. It consists of the parts like main control, ROPS (rollover protective structure), counterweight, engine, hydraulic fluid tank, and main control valve. The control mechanism varies from model to model.

Arm/Boom: This is the digging mechanism of the excavator where the arm and boom work together to perform the earthmoving work. The main elements are boom, arm, bucket, cylinders, and several attachments (Brush cutters and mowers, Rotators for the bucket, Stump cutters, Augers, Boom extensions, Grading buckets, Breakers and hammers, Pipelayers, Tree shears, etc).

Types of Excavators

There are a wide variety of excavator types with their own advantages and disadvantages. The most common type of excavators that are widely used worldwide are:

Crawler Excavators
Wheeled Excavators
Dragline Excavators
Suction Excavators
Skid Steer Excavators
Long Reach Excavators
Mini Excavators

Crawler Excavators

Crawler excavators are also known as track excavators, compact excavators, general purpose excavators, or standard excavators. They run on two large tracks and are widely found in heavy-duty construction jobs and the mining industry. The chain wheel system of this type of excavator allows them to slide over uneven surfaces easily with very less risk. They are found in various sizes.

Wheeled Excavators

As these types of excavators run on wheels they are known as wheeled excavators. The main advantage of wheeled excavators is that they can easily be moved from one job site to another. They are similar to crawler excavators in appearance and size except for the tracks. This excavator type is mostly found for city projects.

Dragline Excavators

Dragline excavator uses a hoist rope and dragline system for road excavation, pipe driving, or clearing underwater earth. They don’t have the usual arm and boom and are usually larger than other types of excavators. Widely used for deep digging, dragline excavators are generally assembled at the site. During operation, the hoist rope lowers and raises the bucket. They are generally used for large-scale civil engineering projects.

Suction Excavators

Suction excavators are also known as vacuum excavators. They have a suction pipe with sharp teeth and can provide up to 400 horsepower. This type of excavator is suitable for delicate underground applications and works by creating a high-pressure vacuum to carry away the dirt, soil, and debris.

Skid Steer Excavators

In a skid steer excavator, the boom and bucket face away from the driver. They are smaller, compact, and suitable for narrow and tricky areas and thus find wide application in residential projects. They are equipped with wheels for easy movement.

Long Reach Excavators

From the name, it is quite clear that this type of excavator has a lengthier arm and boom sections. Suitable for reaching hard-to-reach locations, a long-reach excavator’s arm can extend over 100 feet horizontally. They are difficult to operate in small spaces and are generally used for demolition projects and heavy-duty site digging activities.

Mini Excavators

Mini excavators are a smaller and lighter version of standard excavators. They can easily fit into tight spaces and this is the reason they are widely used to handle smaller loads. Having reduced tail-swing, mini excavators can work indoors and on job sites requiring delicate work.

Excavator Types Based on the Weight of the Equipment

Depending on the weight of the equipment, excavators can be categorized into the following three types:

Standard Excavators: Used widely for bulk earthmoving and heavy lifting operations, standard excavators usually weigh between 22,046 to 200,000 pounds.
Midi Excavators: Used widely for confined areas, midi excavators are more powerful than mini excavators and weigh between 13,227 to 22,046 pounds.
Mini Excavators: Smaller in size but versatile and widely used in tight job spaces, mini excavators weigh less than 13,227 pounds.

Selection of Excavators

The selection of an excavator for a specific job mainly depends on the following three factors as mentioned below:

Type of job to be performed.
Size/Capacity required
Environment

Excavator Manufacturers

There are many companies that manufacture a wide variety of excavator models. The most common excavator manufacturers are:

Caterpillar
Volvo
Komatsu
John Deere
Hitachi
Sumitomo
Doosan
Terex Corporation
JCB
L&T
Mahindra
Hyundai Heavy Industries
Sandvik

Excavator vs BullDozer

The main differences between an excavator and a bulldozer are

Excavator	Bulldozer
Excavators are heavier and larger	Bulldozers are comparatively smaller.
The pushing power of excavators is comparatively less.	The pushing power of bulldozers is more than excavators.
Excavators allow the user to manage the work from one location.	Bulldozers need to be moved for their operation.
The main function of an excavator is excavating, digging, material handling, and demolishing.	The main function of a bulldozer is surface leveling, site clearing, etc.
They can work on plain and hilly terrains.	Mostly suitable for plain areas.

Excavator vs Bulldozer

Digger vs Excavator

Digger and excavator mean the same equipment and thus there is no difference between a digger and an excavator. In general, digger is a layman’s term whereas an excavator is an industry term.

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